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McGregor Smith recalled that his work on the book began when he visited the brutalist Wotruba Church in Vienna, which sparked his interest in modernist church architecture. "Many are surprised to discover the thought-provoking nature of brutalist architecture and are drawn to its challenging and unconventional qualities," McGregor Smith told Dezeen. It was designed to mirror the home Mendes da Rocha had built for his sibling, which features bulky, exposed concrete volumes. Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The following list provides numerous examples of this architectural style worldwide.
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"Stripped of their symbology and place in time, they are spaces to forget the horrors of history, war and shame and focus on the hope and light of the future." "The form nods to the sanctuary cave and the symbolism of new life represented by the egg. The unreachable windows and walkways invite visitors' eyes to explore and contemplate mysteries." "They eschewed nostalgic replication, resulting in spaces that excluded functional areas and symbols prevalent since medieval times, retaining only the essential elements of the altar, cross, and font." $1.084m via Chile Sotheby’s International RealtyBrutalism embraces its softer side at this rural home, located on the outskirts of Chile’s Colina. Inside, rooms soar 3.5-metres high, framed by sliding glass panes that offer views over the nearby Santa Isabel hill. Concrete floors and columns contrast bamboo and lenga, as well as the landscaped gardens outside.
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Noted architects of the Brutalist movement, particularly Le Corbusier and Louis Kahn, have extensively influenced subsequent architecture, while Moshe Safdie, one of the world's leading architects, has continued to create innovative designs influenced by Brutalism, such as his Altair Towers in Sri Lanka. Made in limited numbers, the smart toilet is rendered in bright orange, and boasts an asymmetric shape that recalls edgy brutalist architecture. The shell surrounding its porcelain bowl is constructed with composite resin, with unexpected cut-outs and textured evoking natural rock for an inspired fusion of functional, and playful and with an eye on the environment. There were more subtle surrealist moments elsewhere with materials, color and shape playing tricks with the mind. Californian designer Yves Béhar’s Peaks for furniture brand MOOOI, for instance, is a modular sofa composed of dual triangles interconnected by fabric hinges, which allows them to rotate up or down to create multiple seating arrangements. While Faye Toogood created an intriguing space for Tacchini at Rude Arts Club with her irregular and elliptical shapes, sculptural elements mixed with delicate softness, which blended the British designer’s quirky spirit with fine Italian craftsmanship.
Most influential architects
Fundamental design principles include exposing elemental building materials, expressing architectural function through exterior forms, and creating monumental, imposing shapes. These principles synthesize modernist ethics with historical and cultural contexts. Brutalism originated as a mid-century style, and architects today are incorporating its ideas in new ways. Exposed concrete interiors, prefabricated modules, and parametric modeling enable modern adaptations. Technologies like digital fabrication permit more complex, brutalist-inspired shapes.
Brutalist Architecture: Characteristics, Influences, Ambassadors and Sights
Brutalist architecture has trends that make brutalist elements relevant for modern architects. Firstly, exposed concrete interiors provide an authentic, raw aesthetic appealing to minimalist tastes. Concrete can be cast in bold shapes or left unfinished, contrasting with wood, brass accents, and neutral tones in interiors. Secondly, new waterproofing technologies allow concrete exteriors to withstand weathering better, making maintenance easier.
The 24 Most Beautiful Brutalist Buildings in the World
In the United Kingdom, as the university sector expanded and new institutions opened - the so-called "plate-glass universities" of the 1960s - striking Brutalist buildings were commissioned across the UK, notably at the Universities of Essex, East Anglia, and Glasgow. Brutalist style was also employed at various Canadian universities, notably for the Andrew Building (1964) at the University of Toronto. With the publication of his essay "The New Brutalism" (1955), the architectural critic and historian Reyner Banham became the leading theorist and advocate of the Brutalist movement.
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Architects can create patterned, precast concrete panels or build striking in situ facades. Thirdly, brutalism’s modular construction translates well to prefabrication. Repetitive concrete units can be standardized for efficiency while allowing customization through varied arrangements and finishes. Concrete absorbs heat, and strategic shading, window placement, vegetation layers, and water features like reflecting pools and fountains can offset this.
Designers
London's Trellick Tower, designed by architect Erno Goldfinger, is a 31-story Brutalist housing unit completed in 1972 that now has landmark status. Other significant Brutalist buildings in London include the Hayward Gallery in 1968 and the National Theatre (1976) in London's South Bank. Situated on the site of the ruins of the castle of Königsberg (capital of Prussia), construction began in 1970 on a 28-storey multifunctional building but due to the conditions of the marshy terrain, structural problems forced the construction of only 21 floors. In 1985 work was financed to complete the building in its raw state and in 2005 restoration and finishing work was carried out, although the interior has remained unused. As Ernest Nathan Rogers said, "the corpses of architecture remain unburied". This breathtaking architectural concept house on a rock face is the stuff brutalist architects’ dreams are built of.
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It was demolished by Pratt and Schwarzenegger, who wanted to make use of the land for a sprawling mansion. Meanwhile, at Lampo Milano, furniture maker VANK explored the synergy between nature and creativity as a way of rethinking a more sustainable creative approach to design. Installation drew parallels between the energy in bio-design and solar energy and plant growth through photosynthesis. For the week, Milan simply buzzed with design activity—the vibrant districts of Brera, Tortona and beyond hosting pop-up installations and exhibits, talks and discussions, and with parties flowing into the night. Brands put out their very best show, but mainly Milan Design Week is about the sharing of ideas, and speculating how design can help better shape our lives. "This concrete 'bunker' offers visitors sanctuary and security, guiding visitors along a clear path towards spiritual enlightenment."
Located in the Brentwood area, across the street from a house owned by Schwarzenegger's mother, the Zimmerman House was completed in 1950 and was one of Ellwood's earliest projects. Milan saw some wonderfully whimsical designs too, for a moment’s smile among the otherwise more serious discussions on machine intelligence and climate emergency. At the Triennale di Milano (until June 16, 2024) is an immersive site-specific video installation that takes you into the creative mind of the brilliant Italian architect Alessandro Mendini. The French designer said of the work, “it is a sensorial and sentimental plunge into the extraordinary universe of bizarreness, creative fantasy, and wit,” which pretty much sums it up.
Unexpectedly, the images suspended in silky and translucent materials to evoke the sun’s universal appeal as well as tease us to read these images in unexpected ways. Within the historic walls of Teatro Gerolamo, design studio Formafantasma challenged us to look beyond mere aesthetics in design by turning the gaze to ethical modes of production. The installation Earthic, for manufacturer of sustainable interior surface Cosentino, turned waste into luxury by utilizing debris from the company’s production processes and cooking oil in the resin, while the white fragments on the surfaces, the aesthetic parts, were composed of recycled glass and PET.
From the beginning, the building was controversial, with calls for its demolition beginning while it was still under construction. In the decades since its construction it has often been named in public surveys as one of 'the world's ugliest buildings.' By contrast, polls conducted with architects have consistently found it to be considered one of the top ten architectural designs in the United States. This split of opinion is typical of the passionate and divergent views that Brutalist architecture can arouse. Known locally as the "glasshouse," the design of the Smithsons' Hunstanton Secondary Modern School emphasizes its long, rectangular, glass-glazed central structure, whose steel framework is visible even from a distance. Such features led architectural critics to use the term "New Brutalism" for the first time in describing the building. The rectangular structure includes two stories, with classrooms located on the first floor, and the interior design makes innovative use of staircase columns to access no more than three classrooms, minimizing the noise and disruption of student movement.
Upgrading electrical, plumbing, and HVAC systems within idiosyncratic superstructures represents an engineering challenge requiring customized solutions. Routine maintenance also tends to be more complex and costly due to accessibility issues. Thirdly, brutalist buildings were often designed with specific functions in mind, like civic governance or university needs. Adapting outdated brutalist structures to modern uses can require substantial interior and exterior alterations at great expense.
The style is characterized by simple, block-like forms and extensive use of exposed, unfinished concrete exteriors that reveal the imprints and textures from wooden shuttering used to cast it. Façades have a rugged, unrefined look and often incorporate visible structural elements like beams and columns as part of the aesthetic. Brutalist buildings usually have a strong, massive, monolithic appearance with repetitive, modular designs. Architects like Le Corbusier pioneered the style, primarily through raw concrete housing projects like his Unité d’Habitation (1952). British architects Alison and Peter Smithson were also key figures who further developed brutalism, particularly in postwar reconstruction in England. The devastation of World War II was a significant influence, as ruined cities needed low-cost, functional rebuilding.
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